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Micturition (peeing) starts with urine flowing from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters. The bladder expands using transitional epithelium. Urine exits through the urethra, controlled by internal and external urethral sphincters. Ureters prevent backflow, thereby reducing infection risk

This diagram, Vernier scale use 0.02 scale measurement is 19.44 mm, illustrates how to read the length of the given object using vernier calliper.

Visualising, adding and breaking down vectors in 2 dimensions.

Video 1: Finding percentages with a double number line
Video 2: Finding the whole with a tape diagram
Online activity: Find percents visually

When a circuit is connected and complete, charge can move through the circuit. Charge will not move unless there is a reason, a force to drive it around the circuit. Think of it as though charge is at rest and some- thing has to push it along. This means that work needs to be done to make charge move. A force acts on the charges, doing work, to make them move. The force is provided by the battery in the circuit.

An explanation of wave interference and solution of a few examples to find the value of the total wave when two wave pulses overlap

The wavelength and frequency of a wave are related to one another by the speed of travel of the wave, which depends on the type of wave and the medium through which it is passing.

• Make waves with water, sound, and light and see how they are related.
• Discuss wave properties using common vocabulary.
• Explain how changing the frequency and amplitude affects the characteristics of the wave.
• Design an experiment to measure the speed of the wave.

This YouTube video elaborates on what weather is and what causes changes in the weather.

This short online resource elaborates on the difference between climate and weather and why understanding the climate is important.